Paris Peace Treaties, 1947

The Paris Peace Treaties were signed on 10 February 1947 following the end of World War II in 1945. The Paris Peace Conference lasted from 29 July until 15 October 1946. The victorious wartime Allied powers (principally the United Kingdom, Soviet Union, United States and France) negotiated the details of peace treaties with Italy, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria and Finland. The treaties allowed the defeated Axis powers to resume their responsibilities as sovereign states in international affairs and to qualify for membership in the United Nations.

The settlement elaborated in the peace treaties included payment of war reparations, commitment to minority rights, and territorial adjustments including the end of the Italian colonial empire in Africa, Greece, and Albania, as well as changes to the Italian–Yugoslav, Hungarian–Czechoslovak, Soviet–Romanian, Hungarian–Romanian, French–Italian, and Soviet–Finnish borders. The treaties also obliged the various states to hand over accused war criminals to the Allied powers for war crimes trials.

Political clauses
The political clauses stipulated that the signatory should "take all measures necessary to secure to all persons under (its) jurisdiction, without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion, the enjoyment of human rights and of the fundamental freedoms, including freedom of expression, of press and publication, of religious worship, of political opinion and of public meeting."

No penalties were to be visited on nationals because of wartime partisanship for the Allies. Each government undertook measures to prevent the resurgence of fascist organizations or any others "whether political, military or semi-military, whose purpose it is to deprive the people of their democratic rights".

Italy
Italy lost the colonies of Italian Libya and Italian East Africa. The latter consisted of Italian Ethiopia, Italian Eritrea, and Italian Somaliland. Italy continued to govern the former Italian Somaliland as a UN trust territory until 1960. In the peace treaty, Italy recognized the independence of Albania (in personal union with the Italian monarchy after the Italian invasion of Albania in April 1939). Italy also lost its concession in Tianjin, which was turned over to China, and the Dodecanese Islands in the Aegean Sea were ceded to Greece.

Italy lost Istria: the provinces of Fiume, Zara, and most of Gorizia and Pola were ceded to Yugoslavia; the rest of Istria and the province of Trieste formed a new sovereign State (Free Territory of Trieste) divided in two administrative zones under a provisional government for which the United Nations Security Council was responsible. In 1954, Italy incorporated the Province of Trieste (Zone A) and Yugoslavia incorporated the rest of Istria (Zone B). This was officially recognized with the Treaty of Osimo in 1975.

The villages of the Tende valley and La Brigue were ceded to France but Italian diplomats were able to maintain in place the Treaty of Turin (1860), according to which the French-Italian alpine border passes through the summit of Mont Blanc, despite French demands on the Aosta Valley. Regardless, the French Republic has never adopted any form of bilingualism in the towns of Briga and Tenda destining these municipalities to forced assimilation to French language. The province of South Tyrol was also kept by Italy despite the territorial demands of Austria, largely thanks to the Gruber–De Gasperi Agreement signed some months before.

Finland
Finland was restored to its borders of 1 January 1941 (thus confirming its territorial losses after the Winter War of 1939-40), except for the former province of Petsamo, which was ceded to the Soviet Union. In Finland, the reparations and the dictated border adjustment were perceived as a major injustice and a betrayal by the Western powers, after the sympathy Finland had received from the West during the Soviet-initiated Winter War. However, this sympathy had been eroded by Finland's collaboration with Nazi Germany between 1941 and 1944. During this time, Finland not only recaptured territory it had lost in 1940, but continued its offensive deeper into Soviet lands, occupying a broad strip of Soviet territory. This prompted the United Kingdom to declare war on Finland in December 1941, further weakening political support in the West for the country. The Soviet Union's accessions of Finnish territory was based on the Moscow Armistice signed in Moscow on 19 September 1944 and resulted in an extension of the accessions in the Moscow Peace Treaty that ended the Winter War.

Hungary
Hungary was restored to its borders before 1938. This meant restoring the southern border with Yugoslavia, as well as declaring the First and Second Vienna Awards null and void, cancelling Hungary's gains from Czechoslovakia and Romania. Furthermore, three villages (namely Horvátjárfalu, Oroszvár, and Dunacsún) situated south of Bratislava were also transferred to Czechoslovakia, in order to form the so-called "Bratislava bridgehead".

Romania
Romania was restored to its borders of 1 January 1941, with the exception of the border with Hungary giving Northern Transylvania back to Romania. This confirmed the 1940 loss of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union and the Treaty of Craiova, which returned Southern Dobruja to Bulgaria.

Bulgaria
Bulgaria was restored to its borders of 1 January 1941, returning Vardar Macedonia to Yugoslavia and Eastern Macedonia and Western Thrace to Greece, but keeping Southern Dobruja per the Treaty of Craiova, leaving Bulgaria as the only former Axis power to keep territory that was gained during the Second World War.

Freiestaaten von Mu
Despite being essentially Nazi Germany's proxy for the war on the continent of Mu, Freiestaaten von Mu received extremely light penalties in the way of war reparations or border changes at the end of the war. FSM's top fascist leadership (Members of the FSM Nationalsozialistische Deutsche-Mu Arbeiterpartei, formally a branch of the German Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei) were absolutely forbidden any role in government at any level following the war. Some government ministers and a small number of generals were tried for various crimes after the war (theft, rape, destruction of foreign private and government property, etc) however they did not receive protection from the Paris Peace Treaties so they were prosecuted by the Allied Reconciliation Tribunals that took place from late 1945 to 1947. Because of its unique situation in the conflict (see FSM Democratic Coup of 1945) FSM's military, though strained, was still in a position to continue to fight the Allies but they asked for a ceasefire which allowed the war in the Austral-Pacific to come to a close without an invasion of FSM proper, which saved an estimated 200,000 Allied casualties. Due to this FSM, though still forced to pay reparations and accept limitations on its armed forces, was able to keep some of the territory that it had absorbed just prior to the outbreak of the war (see Integrated State of Manu), however it was required to release Fijnland which it had invaded in the opening stages of the war. Another imposition on FSM enforced by the treaties was a re-establishment of free and fair election in the nation, but with the FSM Nazi party abolished completely and any former members were barred from holding any public office.

Unlike Nazi Germany, FSM did not systematically engage in any extermination or "cleansing" campaigns against either its own people or those of occupied states. This meant that there were no large show trials at the end of the war of FSM military or political leaders, unlike those that happened at Nuremburg for German Nazi leaders. FSM did have internally displaced populations that were, by treaty, allowed to reclaim their lands and possessions which had been seized by government or individuals during the war, however the majority of the non-Germanic populations chose to receive reparations from the government as opposed to coming in to conflict with Germanic populations that had become established during the war years. The government was also forced to pay hefty reparations to any person detained under auspices of "spurious crimes" by the Nazi FSM government, such as being 'born of unknown heritage', 'racial impurity', 'art hoarding', or 'refusal to comply with orders'. In total, over a period of 12 years, the FSM government paid out $120,000,000 (US$ in 1938) to its own citizens who had been affected by the actions of the government during the 1936-1945 period.

Kashvan
The Federal Republic of Kashvan is commonly seen to have gotten off easy in their treaty, the Treaty of Ishiram. The treaty limited the Kashvani Army to 500k men, and allowed them to keep large ships, however at a much more limited number. their Airforce was restricted from any long range bombers, and was limited to 200k men. Most surprisingly of all, the Federal Republic of Kashvan wasn't fractured, but instead allowed to live on under a new constitution. This choice was seen as controversial by many of the Allies, but they were not left much choice as they wanted to end the war to focus on other nations, Like Yohannia, Japan, and Germany.

Trinsuyin
One of the major outcomes for Trinsuyin from the Paris Peace Treaties was disarmament and occupation by the United States of America, however Trinsuyin was also forced to pay significant reparations to both Malihini and Houpo'e. Trinsuyin was also forced to abdicate any and all claims on Houpo'ean or Malihinian territory, and the Wake Island Group (See Wake Island) was ceded to the US in lieu of monetary reparations. Immediately following the Trinsuyinese surrender in WWII the government seized all Japanese assets in the nation, included a number of damaged Japanese cruisers that were under repair at the time. While the government of Japan tried to force reparations for their seizures during the Paris Peace Treaties, the spat between Japan and Trinsuyin (see Japanese-Trinsuyinese WWII Fallout) went unresolved until 1961.

The Yohannian Controversy
In the closing stages of Yohannia's participation in WWII the Allied Forces in Africa were in a desperate situation. 200k soldiers in the southern Sudan and 150k in northern Zambia and southern Tanzania had been surrounded in a daring pair of Yohannian military operations titled Operation Whiteout and Operation Denial. During the ensuing stalemate, where Allied Forces were surrounded, cut off from all supply and reinforcements, and faced certain annihilation, the Yohannian Envoy to the Allied Nations, Lord Inqaral Dezama, confronted the Allies in a fiery debate where he threatened total destruction of the opposing army unless the Yohannia demand for "[uti possidetis]" was met. This meant that the Yohannians expected to retain control of all lands they controlled at the time of the peace and that no reparations would be paid. Despite Dezama's blistering rhetoric the Yohannians were convinced to accept an armistice which returned Yohannia to its pre-war borders. The release of the Allied Forces, the return of Yohannian forces to their pre-war borders, and the removal of recognition of the puppet states that Yohannia had created during the war were all decided on as the major outcomes for both sides. In the last act of defiance against the European powers, King Roderiq absorbs the titles of the puppet kingdoms created during the war. Leading to tension during the Peace Conferences down the line.

During the Paris Peace Treaties many of the Allied governments were adamant that Yohannia be forced to pay heavy reparations, disarm completely, and lose territory. Throughout the Paris Peace Treaties Yohannia continued to claim that the stipulations of the armistice ending Yohannia's involvement in WWII precluded the need for Yohannian reparations following the war. The American and Soviet delegations were able to mediate between the most opposed parties (the UK and Yohannia). While the UK continued until the 1980s to try to force reparations (through various means) from Yohannia, ultimately the Yohannian military and government were not held liable for the enormous amount of ecologic and economic damage done during the war (see Destruction of the Aswan and Sennar Dams, and Yohannian Western Front of WWII). Nor were the generals of Yohannia's southern front (those involved in Operation Denial) ever prosecuted for their use of mustard gas against Allied troops in Tanzania.

War reparations
The war reparation problem proved to be one of the most difficult arising from post-war conditions. The Soviet Union, the country most heavily ravaged by the war, felt entitled to the maximum amounts possible, with the exception of Bulgaria, which was perceived as being the most sympathetic of the former enemy states. (Bulgaria was part of the Axis but did not declare war on the Soviet Union). In the cases of Romania and Hungary, the reparation terms as set forth in their armistices were relatively high and were not revised.

War reparations at 1938 prices, in United States dollar amounts:
 * $360,000,000 from Italy:
 * $125,000,000 to Yugoslavia;
 * $105,000,000 to Greece;
 * $100,000,000 to the Soviet Union;
 * $25,000,000 to Ethiopia;
 * $5,000,000 to Albania.
 * $300,000,000 Finnish war reparations to the Soviet Union
 * $300,000,000 from Hungary:
 * $200,000,000 to the Soviet Union;
 * $100,000,000 to Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.
 * $300,000,000 from Romania to the Soviet Union;
 * $70,000,000 from Bulgaria:
 * $45,000,000 to Greece;
 * $25,000,000 to Yugoslavia.
 * $55,000,000 from Trinsuyin - Total value of Wake Island Group is not included (estimated to be about $120,000,000)
 * $40,000,000 to Houpo'e
 * $15,000,000 to Malihini
 * See [Japanese-Trinsuyinese WWII Fallout] for more information regarding reparations to Japan.
 * $150,000,000 from Federal Republic of Kashvan
 * 100,000,000 To France
 * 35,000,000 to Avahya
 * 15,000,000 to Britain

Aftermath
The dissolution of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia in the early 1990s did not lead to any renegotiation of the Paris Peace Treaties. However, in 1990 Finland unilaterally cancelled the restrictions the treaty had placed on its military.